Parental alienation syndrome

@1tm122n22m Atma Unum

Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) affects children post-divorce, showing animosity towards one parent due to manipulation. Understanding and intervention are essential for healthier family dynamics. #ParentalAlienation #Family 💔👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is a critical issue that deserves immediate attention, as it undermines the emotional and psychological well-being of children caught in the crossfire of contentious divorces. This manipulation, often perpetrated by one parent against the other, leads to unjustified hostility and emotional distress in children, significantly affecting their relationships and future mental health. By recognizing and addressing PAS, we not only advocate for the rights of the wronged parent but also prioritize the child’s best interest, fostering healthier family dynamics and enabling a more balanced, nurturing environment for their growth and development. Understanding PAS and taking action against it is essential for breaking the cycle of family dysfunction and ensuring that children can maintain meaningful connections with both parents, which is crucial for their overall well-being.

Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is a term introduced by child psychiatrist Richard Gardner in 1985 to describe signs and symptoms he believed to be exhibited by children who have been alienated from one parent through manipulation by the other parent. Proposed symptoms included extreme but unwarranted fear, and disrespect or hostility towards a parent. Gardner believed that a set of behaviors that he observed in some families involved in child custody litigation could be used to diagnose psychological manipulation or undue influence of a child by a parent, typically by the other parent who may be attempting to prevent an ongoing relationship between a child and other family members after family separation or divorce. Use of the term “syndrome” has not been accepted by either the medical or legal communities and Gardner’s research has been broadly criticized by legal and mental health scholars for lacking scientific validity and reliability.

Description

Parental alienation syndrome is a term coined by child psychiatrist Richard A. Gardner drawing upon his clinical experiences in the early 1980s. The concept of one parent attempting to separate their child from the other parent as punishment or part of a divorce have been described since at least the 1940s, but Gardner was the first to define a specific syndrome. In his 1985 paper, he defined PAS as:

…a disorder that arises primarily in the context of child-custody disputes. Its primary manifestation is the child’s campaign of denigration against the parent, a campaign that has no justification. The disorder results from the combination of indoctrinations by the alienating parent and the child’s own contributions to the vilification of the alienated parent.

He also stated that the indoctrination may be deliberate or unconscious on the part of the alienating parent. Gardner initially believed that parents (usually mothers) made false accusations of child abuse and sexual abuse against the other parent (usually fathers) in order to prevent further contact between them. While Gardner initially described the mother as the alienator in 90% of PAS cases, he later stated both parents were equally likely to alienate. He also later stated that in his experience accusations of sexual abuse were not present in the vast majority of cases of PAS.

Characteristics

Gardner described PAS as a preoccupation by the child with criticism and deprecation of a parent. Gardner stated that PAS occurs when, in the context of child custody disputes, one parent deliberately or unconsciously attempts to alienate a child from the other parent. According to Gardner, PAS is characterized by a cluster of eight symptoms that appear in the child. These include a campaign of denigration and hatred against the targeted parent; weak, absurd, or frivolous rationalizations for this deprecation and hatred; lack of the usual ambivalence about the targeted parent; strong assertions that the decision to reject the parent is theirs alone (the “independent-thinker phenomenon”); reflexive support of the favored parent in the conflict; lack of guilt over the treatment of the alienated parent; use of borrowed scenarios and phrases from the alienating parent; and the denigration not just of the targeted parent but also to that parent’s extended family and friends. Despite frequent citations of these factors in scientific literature, the value ascribed to these factors has not been explored with professionals in the field.

Gardner and others divided PAS into mild, moderate and severe levels. The number and severity of the eight symptoms included in the syndrome were hypothesized to increase through the different levels. Recommendations for management differed according to the severity level of the child’s symptoms. While a diagnosis of PAS is made based on the child’s symptoms, Gardner stated that any change in custody should be based primarily on the symptom level of the alienating parent.

In mild cases, it was alleged that there was some parental programming against the targeted parent, but little or no disruption of visitation, and Gardner did not recommend court-ordered visitation.

In moderate cases, it was alleged that more parental programming occurred resulting in greater resistance to visits with the targeted parent. Gardner recommended that primary custody remain with the programming parent if the brainwashing was expected to be discontinued, but if not, that custody should be transferred to the targeted parent. In addition, therapy with the child to stop alienation and remediate the damaged relationship with the targeted parent was recommended.

In severe cases, in which children were found to display most or all of the eight symptoms and refused to visit the targeted parent, possibly threatening to run away or engage in self-harm if forced to visit the other parent, Gardner recommended that the child be removed from the alienating parent’s home into a transition home before moving into the home of the targeted parent.

In addition to modification of custody, Gardner recommended therapy for the child. Gardner’s proposed intervention for moderate and severe PAS, which include court-ordered transfer to the alienated parent, fines, house arrest, and incarceration, have been critiqued for their punitive nature towards the alienating parent and alienated child, and for the risk of abuse of power and violation of their civil rights. With time, Gardner revised his views and expressed less support for the most aggressive management strategies.

Symptoms

Eight recurrent symptoms are proposed for diagnosis:

1. A campaign of denigration of the other parent (one parent damages the child’s image of the other parent).
2. Weak, frivolous, or absurd rationalizations for this disqualification. The child may show intense anger and complain that the alienated parent treats him badly, claiming, for example, that he is sent to bed early or that he is not allowed to watch his favorite program.
3. Absence of ambivalence. Everything is good in one parent and everything is bad in the other.
4. The child adopts the alienated parent’s disqualifications as his own, and denies the influence of others on his beliefs. This phenomenon has been called “independent thinking.”
5. The child unconditionally supports the alienating mother, without questioning the validity of her judgments toward the rejected father.
6. The child shows no guilt for the cruelty he has shown towards his alienated father, a behaviour that would not be permitted under other circumstances. “My father sent me a present for my birthday and I threw it away. If he calls me on the phone, I don’t answer.” The mother supported this behaviour.
7. There is the presence of “borrowed” (or adultified) arguments.
8. Animosity toward the alienated parent extends to friends or relatives of the family.

Psychological treatment

Taking steps to address the symptoms of parental alienation syndrome involves understanding the complexities at play and being willing to work toward reconciliation. Recognizing the signs, educating yourself on the legal and psychological aspects, and seeking professional help are important steps in this process. With the right approach, it is possible to restore relationships and create a healthier family environment.

Emotional abuse of a child can have harmful consequences for their mental health, leading to confusion, anxiety, depression and even aggressive and withdrawn behaviour. Although each situation is different, damaging the parent-child relationship can lead to: Lack of self-esteem, poor social skills, emotional dependence, aggression, personality disorders such as narcissism, difficulties in expressing and understanding emotions, lack of empathy, emotional illiteracy.

If you think that you, your siblings, your children or relatives suffer from parental alienation, you can seek help for yourself or suggest that the affected person see a specialist psychologist.

Reception and controversy

Gardner’s original formulation, which labeled mothers almost exclusively as the alienating parent, was endorsed by fathers’ rights groups, as it allowed fathers to explain the reluctance of their children to visit them and assign blame to their former wives. In contrast, women’s groups criticized the syndrome, concerned that it permitted abusers to claim that allegations of abuse by mother or child were reflective of brainwashing. Gardner himself emphasized that PAS only applied in situations where there was no actual abuse or neglect had not occurred, but by 1998, noted an increase in the awareness of PAS had led to an increase in its misapplication as an exculpatory legal maneuver.

PAS has been cited in high-conflict divorce and child custody cases, particularly as a defense against accusations of domestic violence or sexual abuse. The status of the syndrome, and thus its admissibility in the testimony of experts, has been the subject of dispute, with challenges raised about its acceptance by professionals in the field, whether it follows a scientific methodology that is testable, whether it has been tested and has a known error rate, and the extent to which the theory has been published and peer-reviewed.

PAS has not been accepted by experts in psychology, child advocacy or the study of child abuse or legal scholars. PAS has been extensively criticized by members of the legal and mental health community, who state that PAS should not be admissible in child custody hearings based on both science and law.

No professional association has recognized PAS as a relevant medical syndrome or mental disorder. PAS is not listed in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems of the WHO. It is not recognized by the American Medical Association or the American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychological Association declined to give a position on PAS, but raised concerns over its lack of supporting data and how the term is used. The APA’s 1996 Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family expressed concern that custody evaluators use PAS as a means of giving custody to fathers despite a history of violence, a concern shared by other commentators. The United States National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges rejected PAS, recommending it not be used for the consideration of child-custody issues.

The admissibility of PAS was rejected by an expert review panel and the Court of Appeal of England and Wales in the United Kingdom and Canada’s Department of Justice recommends against its use. PAS has been mentioned in some family court cases in the United States. Gardner portrayed PAS as well accepted by the judiciary and having set a variety of precedents, but legal analysis of the actual cases indicates that as of 2006 this claim was incorrect.

Exclusion from the DSM

PAS is not included in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Gardner and others lobbied for its inclusion in the DSM-V revision. In 2001, Gardner argued that when the DSM-IV was released, there was insufficient research to include PAS, but since then, there have been enough scientific articles and attention to PAS that it merited being taken seriously.

A survey of American custody evaluators, published in 2007, found that half of the respondents disagreed with its inclusion, while a third thought it should be. A related formulation, named parental alienation disorder, has been proposed, suggesting that inclusion of PAS in the DSM-5 would promote research and appropriate treatment, as well as reduce misuse of a valid and reliable construct. In December 2012, the American Psychiatric Association announced that PAS would not be included in the DSM-V revision. However, there are now diagnoses included in DSM-V that reflect the impact of parental behavior upon children, in particular parent-child relational problem and child affected by parental relationship distress. The key distinction is that the diagnoses listed in the DSM relate to the mental health of the diagnosed individual, as opposed to attempting to describe a disorder of the relationship between different people, whether parent-child or parent-parent.

Scientific status

Gardner’s formulation of PAS is critiqued as lacking a scientific basis, and as a hypothesis whose proponents have failed to meet the scientific burden of proof to merit acceptance. The first publications about PAS were self-published and not peer reviewed, and though subsequent articles have been published in peer reviewed journals, most have consisted of anecdotal evidence in the form of case studies; in addition, the limited research into PAS has lacked evidence of its validity and reliability. The lack of objective research and replication, falsifiability, and independent publication has led to claims that PAS is pseudoscience or junk science. Proponents of PAS concur that large scale systematic controlled studies into PAS’s validity and reliability are required, supplementing a single small study in 2004 which suggested practitioners could come to a consensus based on written reports.

The theoretical foundation of PAS has been described as incomplete, simplistic and erroneous for ignoring the multiple factors (including the behaviors of the child, parents and other family members) that may contribute to parental alienation, family dysfunction and a breakdown in attachment between a parent and a child. In this view, PAS confuses a child’s developmental reaction to a divorce with psychosis, vastly overstates the number of false allegations of child sexual abuse, ignores the scientific literature suggesting most allegations of child sexual abuse are well founded and thus well-meaning efforts to protect a child from an abusive parent, exaggerates the damaging effects of parental alienation on children and proposes an unsupported and endangering remedy for PAS. Concern has been expressed that PAS lacks adequate scientific support to be considered a syndrome and that Gardner has promoted PAS as a syndrome based on a vague clustering of behaviors. Despite concerns about the validity of testimony regarding PAS, it has been inappropriately viewed as reliable by family court judges. Proponents of PAS and others agree that using the designation of syndrome may be inappropriate as it implies more scientific legitimacy than it currently deserves.

While PAS is not accepted as scientifically valid, the concept of parental alienation has been advanced based upon theories of the “alienated child” and the dynamics that may have contributed to the child’s alienation from a parent. Like PAS, parental alienation is not recognized as a diagnosable mental condition.

Clinical status

PAS has been criticized for making clinical work with children who are alienated more confusing and for labeling children with a mental diagnosis who may react angrily to their parents’ separation or divorce. Gardner’s analysis has been criticized for inappropriately assigning all responsibility of the child’s behavior to one parent when the child’s behavior is oftentimes, but not always, the result of a dynamic in which both parents and the child play a role.

Gardner disagreed with criticism of PAS as overly simplistic, stating that while there are a wide variety of causes on why a child may become alienated from a parent, the primary etiological factor in cases of PAS is the brainwashing parent, and that otherwise, there is no PAS. Gardner also stated that those initially critical of PAS for being a caricature were not directly involved with families in custody disputes and that criticisms of this nature faded by the late 1980s because the disorder was widespread. However, no scientific study has yet demonstrated that the elements of PAS are unique to alleged parental alienation such that they are useful for diagnosis.

PAS has been criticized by for being sexist, being used by fathers to marginalize legitimate fears and concerns about abuse, and women’s groups and others oppose the legitimacy of PAS as a danger to children. After his initial publications, Gardner revised his theory to make fathers and mothers equally likely to alienate or be indoctrinators and disagreed that recognition of PAS is sexist. Gardner later indicated he believed men were equally likely to be PAS indoctrinators. Studies of children and adults labelled with PAS have suggested that mothers were more likely than fathers to be the alienator.

In courts

In the legal context, parental alienation is mainly used within family law and is defined as the process in which the perception of a child is altered through specific strategies with the aim of breaking the bond between the child and the other parent. It is often common for a parent to use the children as a tool or means to punish the other parent, either because there is a separation or divorce from which consequences arise such as non-payment of child support, abduction of the child, etc. Divorce represents the end of the relationship but should not be the end of the family, as it turns towards a new dynamic in the way of organizing itself based on joint parental authority and custody by one of the parents.

The Best Interest of the Child

Since 2021, there is the Organic Law for the Comprehensive Protection of Children and Adolescents against Violence, known as the Rhodes Law.

A minor is understood to be any person who has not reached the age of eighteen, and this is the guideline set out in a series of essential international reference instruments such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, but in matters of international abduction, a minor is any person who has not reached the age of sixteen.

On the other hand, with regard to the concept or term of “Best Interest of the Child”, this arises for the first time in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, whose text of the third article states that “all measures concerning children taken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, a primary consideration to be taken into account will be the best interest of the child”.

Canada
Early Canadian court cases accepted expert opinions about PAS, used the term “syndrome” and concurred with Gardner’s theory that only one parent was fully responsible for it. Gardner testified in one case (Fortin v. Major, 1996) but the court did not accept his opinion, concluding that the child was not alienated based on the evaluation of a court-appointed expert who, unlike Gardner, had met with the family members. More recent cases, while accepting the concept of alienation, have noted the lack of recognition in the DSM-IV, and have generally avoided “syndrome” terminology, emphasizing that changes in custody are stressful for the child and should only occur in the most severe cases. A 2006 research report by the Canadian Department of Justice described PAS as “empirically unsupported” and favored a different framework for dealing with issues of alienation that has more research support. Decisions about possible parental alienation are considered a legal decision, to be determined by the judge based on the facts of the case, rather than a diagnosis made by a mental health professional. There is recognition that rejection of a parent is a complex issue, and that a distinction must be made between pathological alienation and reasonable estrangement.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the admissibility concerning the evaluation of PAS was rejected both in an expert review, and by the Court of Appeal.

United States
On occasion, PAS has been cited as part of the child custody determination process in the United States, and some courts have awarded sole custody to one parent based upon findings of PAS. In some cases a custody court’s acceptance of allegations of parental alienation have resulted in children being placed in the custody of an abusive parent.

The admissibility of testimony alleging PAS has been challenged under the Frye test and Daubert standard, to evaluate if it has sufficient scientific basis and acceptance within the scientific community.

Richard Gardner’s claims
Although Gardner claimed that PAS was generally accepted by the scholarly community and had passed the Frye test in two states, a 2006 analysis of court cases involving PAS and cited by Gardner concluded that these decisions did not set legal precedent, that PAS is viewed negatively in most legal scholarship, and that Gardner’s writings do not support the existence of PAS. Of sixty-four precedent-bearing cases reviewed at that time, only two decisions, both in New York State and both in criminal courts actually set precedents. Both held that the theory of PAS was inadmissible. One of the cases, subsequently upheld on appeal, found that PAS failed the Frye test as the appropriate professional community did not generally accept.

At the time, Gardner listed fifty cases on his website that he claimed set precedents that made PAS admissible. Upon review it was determined that none of the cases set precedents for the admissibility of PAS. forty-six set no precedents or did not discuss admissibility and the remaining four were problematic. In the first the trial court found that PAS passed the Frye test, but that finding was not reviewed on appeal so as to become precedential as the trial court “[threw] out the words ‘parental alienation syndrome'” and focused instead on the “willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing relationship between the parents and the child” under the state’s child custody best interest factors. In the second case, the appellate court did not discuss PAS. The third case specifically chose not to discuss the admissibility of PAS and the fourth made no decision on PAS.

Case law
In one New York case, Matter of Robert Coull v. Pamela Rottman, 15 N.Y.S.3d 834, 131 AD 3d 964 (2015), child support was suspended based upon a trial court’s finding of a parent’s alienating behaviors. The court found that the father was prevented from seeing his son by the child’s mother through a “pattern of alienation”, and child support was suspended on that basis. The decision was not based upon a psychological diagnosis, but was instead based upon a pattern of alienation actions and behaviors by the mother and her conduct during court proceedings.

A focus on parental behavior allows a court to base its decision “upon accepted psychological concepts and diagnoses… without mention of the controversial and potentially inflammatory concept of PAS”; New York has followed this approach, with a court explaining,

PAS, essentially dismissed as “junk science”, is not generally accepted in the scientific community, as it is not an approved term or diagnosis in the field of psychiatry and no New York court has allowed the admission of testimony concerning PAS…. However, New York Courts have embraced parental alienation as a concept. In recognizing that parental alienation can exist, some courts have loosely defined it as a custodial parent’s active interference with or deliberate and unjustified frustration of the non-custodial parents’ reasonable right of access to the child.

That approach treats parental alienation as a descriptive concept, allowing a court to consider parental behavior without the need to determine whether parental alienation is a valid psychological construct.

Brazil
So far, Brazil is the only country that recognizes, regulates and condemns SAP. However, in many other countries, SAP is applied in divorce rulings with the aim of prioritizing the best interests of the child. This is done with the help of forensic psychologists.

México

In Mexico, since the signing and ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of 1989 and given its significance and impact, a series of highly relevant reforms have been made, among which we highlight that of Article 4 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, which elevates to constitutional rank, from the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the Federation on April 7, 2000, the right of “children and adolescents to the satisfaction of their needs for food, health, education and healthy recreation for their integral development”, that is, it incorporates, for the first time in the Mexican legal system, a broad, and above all, specific description of the rights of boys and girls. If we link this constitutional article 4, in its seventh paragraph, with the issue of parental alienation, we have that it establishes the obligation, first of all, of the ascendants, guardians and custodians to preserve the rights of children and, in a subsidiary manner, the intervention of the State. This constitutional provision understands that parents are the first recipients of the obligations and powers through which the correct development of minors is guaranteed. In this way, parental alienation, in addition to being seen as violence against minors, is also a breach of the obligation imposed by the Constitution, since through it, it is the parents themselves, or those who have custody of the minor, who hinder their free development.

The approval of the regulatory law of the aforementioned constitutional article 4, the Law for the Protection of the Rights of Girls, Boys and Adolescents, complemented the process initiated since the ratification of the 1989 Convention, underlining the priority of the application of the aforementioned best interests of the child and adolescent by referring, among other expressions, to “the child living in a family” and the child “having a life free of violence.”

The Law on the Protection of Girls, Boys and Adolescents, throughout its articles, contains provisions of interest to the topic of parental alienation. Firstly, in its article 11, sections A and B, the following are indicated as obligations of the parents:

• The minor is provided with a dignified life;
• The minors have a full and harmonious development within a family; and
• The minor is protected against any form of abuse.

Furthermore, Article 12 sets out the equality of parents with respect to the care and education of their children and clearly indicates that the fact that the parents do not live in the same home does not prevent them from fulfilling their obligations.

Similarly, in Article 9, and somewhat emphasizing what is established in the aforementioned Article 11, it is established that children have the right to healthy and harmonious growth, both physically and mentally. Thus, once again, parental alienation violates the right enshrined in this article.

References

• Baker AJL (2007). Adult children of parental alienation syndrome: breaking the ties that bind. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
• Brown, T; Renata A (2007). Child Abuse and Family Law: Understanding the Issues Facing Human Service and Legal Professionals. Allen & Unwin.
• Díaz Usandivaras C. M., “El Síndrome de alienación (SAP), una forma sutil de violencia después de la separación o divorcio”, en Derecho de Familia, Revista Interdisciplinaria de Doctrina y Jurisprudencia, Buenos Aires, abril de 2003.
• Faller, KC (1998). “The parental alienation syndrome: What is it and what data support it?” Child Maltreatment.
• Fortin, Jane (2003). Children’s Rights and the Developing Law. Cambridge University Press.
• Gardner, Richard, Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s “The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome”, en Family Court Review, núm. 39(3), 2001
• Gardner, Richard (1985). Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation.
• Jaffe, PG; Crooks CV; Bala N (2006). Making Appropriate Parenting Arrangements in Family Violence Cases: Applying the Literature to Identify Promising Practices. Department of Justice.
• Warshak, Richard A. “Bringing sense to Parental Alienation: A Look at the Disputes and the Evidence”. Family Law Quarterly.
  

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